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(Note: All Picture and reference URLs are located and labeled in the Bibliography!!!!)
(a.k.a. Sponges and Jellyfish)
by: Gelina, Lena and Charlotte
Introduction
Welcome to our Wonderous Wiki! Here you will learn all about Porifera and Cnidarians! Porifera are sponges such as the barrel sponge (far left), and the Yellow Sponge (not shown.). Porifera have very simple structures, which consist of two layers of cells; inside andoutside, separated by a squishy material. They are the simplest animals and lack organs, tissues and a backbone (which makes them invertebrates). There are more than 9,000 types of Porifera in the world, all varying in shapes, sizes, and colors. Cnidarians are hydras,
anemones, and jellyfish. The picture of this unidentified Cnidarian (right) shows the well-known structure of a jellyfish.
There are many different types of Cnidarians; scientists say around 9,000 individual species; all varying in size shape, and color. Some that look like Cnidarians aren't even a jellyfish; like the Man 'O War!
Introduction Video
Porifera/
You're probably thinking, "Hey, Spongebob is a sea sponge, right? Then he's a porifera!". Well, we're all sorry to say that Spongebob Squarepants is an artificial sponge like the ones made today for cleaning usage.
So, Spongebob= Porifera!
The real Porifera are the simplest creatures in the world and have only two layers of cells. As you can see in this diagram (below left), the Porifera's simple structure is hollow (a.k.a the central cavity) and contains many microscopic "collar cells" that all have one flagellum and a "collar". The Flagellum on the sponge are used for feeding purposes; when food nears a sponge cell's flagellum, the flagellum reaches out and grabs the food. The Collar cell is used in the same way. Am
ebocytes in the sponge carry the food from the collar cells to the inside of the sponge. The Sponge feeds like so:
So, as you can see, the sponge can "filter" its food using the collar cells and flaggeli.
Here is a slideshow for you to enjoy! Courtesy of our group! (NOTE: ALL pictures are sited in bibliography!)
(Please do not edit this Powerpoint or use it for your own uses. Thank you.)
An individual sponges/porifera consists several different types of cells, each specialized for a particular function. Some cells live inside the substance of the sponge, carrying nutrients from the food-capturing cells to other parts of the sponges body. Other cells secrete the spicules that form the sponges' skeleton, or cover its surface in a sort of skin.
Fun Facts On Porifera:
1. Until 1765, people thought sponges were plants because they were so simple.
2. In a sponge, it is possible to find 16,000 other animals.
3. Chemicals from s
ponges/porifera are being used to find a cure for cancer and other diseases.
4.Around Florida and in other places, sponges live on the backs of hermit crabs and act as a type of shell.
5. Sponges are among the oldest animals- discovered about 5 million years ago.
6. Sponges drink an equivalent of 64 glasses of water a day.
7. Some sponges possess remarkable powers of regeneration.
8. Filteration is not the only way that sponges feed, larger food particles may be phagocytizied by pinacocytes lining incurrent canals.
The sponges body permeated by numerous pores called ostia that open into inhalent canals that led to the feeding chambers, which are made up of choanocytes; here also are large openings, termed oscules, fed by exhalent canals, that carry the water current from the choanocyte chambers to the exterior. The concerted "whipping" action of the choanocyte flagelle creates a current of water from ostia throught the sponge body oscules. The choanocytes filter lankton and small bits of organic detritus from the water and, like the pinacocytes, obsorb oxygen.
Pieces of sponge are able to regenerate into whole new sponges. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding or by fragmentation. The buds may remain attached to the parent or seperate from it, and each bud develops into a new individual. Freshwater sponges, as well as several marine speices, form resitant structures called gemmules that can withstand adverse conditions such as drying or cold and later develop into individuals. Gemmules are aggregates of sponge tissue and food, covered by a hard coating containing spicules or spongin fibers. Sexual reproduction also occurs. Most sponges are hermaphoditic, the same individual producing eggs and sperm, but in some speices the sexes are seperate. The larvae are flagellated and swim about freely for a short time. After settling and attaching to a suitable substrate, the larvae develop into young sponges.
People say that sponges can't swim or crawl, but sponges display several behavioral patterns (resulting from coordinated movements of cells), including crawling, productiion of filamentous body extensions and body contracting. People also metion that sponges lack many characteristics associated with other animals, including a mouth sensory organs, organized tissues and neurons and muscle cells, which are otherwise ubiquitous in Metazoa. A recent study has shownthat the homoscleromorph sponges posses several characteristics thought to be absent in sponges, including the presence of true epithelia. Actually, there was another study that has found that although sponges do not have neurons, their genome contains most of the components needed to build a post-synaptic protein scaffold that is essential for neural impulse transduction in other animals.
(Friendly Reminder: You might want to lower the volume at 7:46! :D)
(Jellyfish.gif)
Here is a slideshow for you to enjoy! Courtesy of our group! (NOTE: ALL pictures are sited in bibliography!)
(Please do not edit this Powerpoint or use it for your own uses. Thank you.)
Cnidarians- a.k.a. the Jellyfish- are an underwater species. They are made almost entirely of a jelly-like substance(hence the name "jellyfish") and are over 90% water. They have 2 kinds of tentacles- a stinging set to protect themselves from predators and to catch and kill prey, and another ribbon-like set to drag the dead or paralyzed prey into the jellyfish's mouth.
Jellyfish move by opening their umbrella-shaped skin and letting water in. The jellyfish then closes the skin and pushes the water out. The jellyfish will then shoot up to where it wants to go.
The lifespan of a jellyfish is only about one year. If a jellyfish doesn’t live for that long, it's probably because a turtle, bird, or a giant sunfish eats it. Another way they could die early is if they are not in salt water. Jellyfish don't have any adaptations to live in salt water.
Ultra-Violet Jellyfish(not its real name)
Recognized by the 4 horseshoe shapes on its hood: Moon Jellyfish
Named one of the most venomous creatures in the world, the Box Jellyfish is
found in the warm tropical waters of Australia. Also called the "sea wasp,"their stingers pack up to 5,000 nematocysts, or stinging cells. There are certain chemicals on the surface of fish, shellfish and humans that activate the cells. Contact with only 3 m of tentacles can be possibly fatal for an adult. There were about 70 reported deaths caused by Box Jellyfish that have occurred in northern Australia over a period of around 6 months. As you may be able to see in the image below, the infamous Box Jelllyfish is even more lethal because they can be almost invisible in their watery habitat!
BOX JELLYFISH: CUTE AND CUDDLEY AND SO ADORABLE & FUN TO PLAY WITH
The Lion's Mane Jellyfish is the
largest kno
wn species of the cnideria. Even though the Lion's Mane is huge, its sting is rarely fatal; healthy humans who come accross it will have a slim chance of dying from it.
It lives in the cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, northern Atlantic, and northern Pacific Oceans, rarely found more southern than 42°N latitude. Similar jellyfish, which may possibly be the same species, are known to live in seas and ocean areas near Australia and New Zealand.
The largest recorded Lion's Mane ever found was washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in the 1870's, had a body that had a diameter of over 7 feet and tentacles that were 120 feet long.
The Portuguese Man o' War, also known as the man-of-war or bluebottle, is a jelly-like marineinvertebrate of the family Physaliidae. Despite its outward appearance, the Man o' War is NOT a true jellyfish but a siphonophore,a class of marine invertibrates that colonize and can resemble different animals, which are different from jellyfish because they aren't a single creature, but actually a colonial organism made up of many minute individuals called zooids. Each of these zooids is highly-specialized and, although similar in structure to other stentacles that can be up to can be up to 50 meters or 165 feet in length, but are typically only 10 meters (30 f
t). Solitary animals, are attached to each other and physiologically combined to the point that they are not capable of independent survival.
The Man-of-War is made of 4 polyps. One of them, ranging from blue and purple to pink and mauve, is an air-filled bladder called the pneumatophore (or the sail), which makes floating along the surface of the ocean possible for the organism. The sail ranges from 4 to 12 inches long and can extend as much as 6 inches above the water. Below that are the dactylozooid, gonozooid, and gastrozooid. These are the tentacles that can be up to can be over 160 feet in length, but typically average only 30 ft.
The Man o' War is found in warm, tropical water, floating on the surface of open ocean, its air bladder keeping it afloat and acting as a kind of sail while the rest of the organism hangs below the surface. It has no means of self-propulsion, and is completely dependent on wind, currents, and tides. It is most common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific and Indian oceans, but can drift outside of this range on warm currents such as the Atlantic Gulf Stream.
A Quizzical Quiz!
How many different types of Porifera and Cnidarians are there combined?
Is Spongebob a Porifera? Why or why not?
How many animals can you find in one sponge/porifera?
Gemmules are aggregates of the sponge tissue and food, covered by a hard coating of _______ or _______ fibers?
What is the predator of a jellyfish? Give at least two examples.
Is a Portuguese Man-Of-War a jellyfish? Why or why not?
Can sponges feed on things besides by filter feeding? How?
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