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Flatworms, Roundworms and Annelids 2 (redirected from Flatworms)

Page history last edited by Stephan Arthur Joanides 13 years ago



by William and Nate

 

An Invertebrate means you have no backbone

Here is some proof; the picture shows that worms do not have a backbone.

this picture is from http://academic.scranton.edu/faculty/cannon/kidsjudge/kj04/collinsl2.html

 

 

Worms have three types, Nematodes (roundworms), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelida (segmented worms). Their characteristics are being flat-bodied, cylindrical/round bodied. Below is a flatworm and a parasitic worm.

Pictures are fromhttp://www.soest.hawaii.edu/marlin/tribollet/belles%20photos/flat%20worm.jpg 

 

Worms are in the category invertebrates, and 95% of animals are invertebrates.

Other animals in their invertebrate category, are insects, starfish, and a lot more. Worms and starfish dont have a backbone, both live in the ocean, and are both able to regenerate lost limbs. Even a type of worm is distantly related to humans, you can read more about this at www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110209131832.htm

 

All About Roundwormsfrom http://cienciasnaturaleslazafra1eso.wikispaces.com/file/view/starfish.jpg/101529335/starfish.jpg

 

Scientific Name: Nematodes

What they eat: Fungi, bacteria, and intestinal objects (if found in host)

Where they live: In the ground, or found inside host

 

       There are over 15,000 named species of roundworms, did you know that they can be microscopic to over 20 feet long. They can have male and female organs, called hermaphroditic which means they can produce their own young.


 

the info below is from http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/roundworms-000144.h

 

 

 

 

The various roundworm infections include:

•               Ascariasis: People become infected when they eat food or drink that contains the eggs of the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. That can happen when people eat food grown in soil that has been mixed with human feces. Once in the body, the larvae enter the lungs and then the throat, where they are coughed up and swallowed. Once they swallowed, larvae enter the intestines and become adults. They can produce eggs for a year or more.

•               Guinea worm disease (dracunculosis): People can become infected with Guinea worm disease when they drink contaminated water. Larvae grow into adults in the intestines,  

this is a picture of a green worm 090415-01-growing-green-worms_big.jpg

 

where they can grow to be 3 feet long. Then the adult moves to another area of the body (usually the legs) and emerges through a painful blister. The tip of the worm comes out through the skin to lay its eggs whenever the skin is immersed in water. This type of roundworm infects 10 - 40 million people annually worldwide, mostly in the Indian subcontinent, West and Central Africa, and some Middle Eastern countries.

•               Hookworm (ancylostomiasis): A hookworm infection occurs when larvae come into contact with human skin, through contaminated soil or feces. They penetrate the skin, making their way through the lungs to the small intestine, where they latch on and grow into adults, laying more eggs. They feed off the blood of the infected person, which can lead to anemia. Children are especially vulnerable to this kind of infection. These roundworms infect about 25% of the world's population.

•              Loiasis: Loiasis is an infectioncaused by the roundworm

Loa loa. Like river blindness, loiasis is spread by day-biting flies. An estimated 3 - 13 million people in equatorial Africa have been infected with Loa loa.

 

•               Lymphatic filariasis: A lymphatic filariasis infection occurs when a person is bitten by a mosquito containing the roundworms Wucheria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori. Over 6 - 12 months, adult worms mature and live in human lymph vessels and nodes. Eggs are released and circulate through the blood. About 90 million people worldwide have been infected with these roundworms.

 

Freaky Facts About Roundworms:

  • 15,000 named species
  • They can enter through your skin 
  • They range from microscopic to over 20 feet long

 

FLATWORM

All About Flatworms

Scientific Name: Platyhelminthes

What they eat: they feed on other animals, bacteria, and more

Where they live: in an animal host, the ocean, underground

This info is from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm

 

 

The flatworms, known in scientific literature as Platyhelminthes or Plathelminthes (from the Greek πλατύ, platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), helminth-, meaning worm)[2] are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrate animals. Unlike other bilaterians, they have no body cavity, and no specialized circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion.

In traditionalzoology textsPlatyhelminthes are divided into Turbellaria, which are mostly non-parasitic animals such as planarians, and three entirely parasitic groups: Cestoda, Trematoda and Monogenea. Turbellarians are mostly predators, and live in water or in shaded, humid terrestrial environments such as leaf litter. Cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) have complex life-cycles, with mature stages that live as parasites in the digestive systems of fish or land vertebrates, and intermediate stages that infest 

this is  a picture of a flat worm

  http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/insects/worms/graphics/flatwormdiagram.jp

 

 Unlike the other parasitic groups, the monogeneans are external parasites infesting aquatic animals, and their larvae metamorphose into the adult form after attaching to a suitable host.

Because they do not have internal body cavities, for over a century Platyhelminthes were regarded as a primitive stage in the evolution of bilaterians (animals with bilateral symmetry and hence with distinct front and rear ends). However, analyses since the mid-1980s have separated out one sub-group, the Acoelomorpha, as basal bilaterians, in other words closer to the original bilaterians than to any other modern groups. The remaining Platyhelminthes form a monophyletic group, in other words one that contains all and only descendants of a common ancestor that is itself a member of the group. The redefined Platyhelminthes is part of the Lophotrochozoa, one of the three main groups of more complex bilaterians. These analyses have also concluded that the redefined Platyhelminthes, excluding Acoelomorpha, consists of two monophyletic sub-groups, Catenulida and Rhabditophora, and that Cestoda, Trematoda and Monogenea form a monophyletic sub-group within one branch of the Rhabditophora. Hence the traditional platyhelminth sub-group "Turbellaria" is now regarded as paraphyletic since it excludes the wholly-parasitic groups although these are descended from one group of "turbellarians".

 

Over half of all known flatworm species are parasitic, and some do enormous harm to humans and their livestock. Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria. Neurocysticercosis, which arises when larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium penetrate the central nervous system, is the major cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. The threat of platyhelminth parasites to humans in developed countries is rising because of organic farming, the popularity of raw or lightly-cooked foods, and imports of food from high-risk areas. In less developed countries, people often cannot afford the fuel required to cook food thoroughly, and poorly-designed water-supply and irrigation projects increase the dangers presented by poor sanitation and unhygienic farming.

Two planarian species have been used successfully in the Philippines, Indonesia, Hawaii, New Guinea and Guam to control populations of the imported giant African snail Achatina fulica, which was displacing native snails. However, there is now concern that these planarians may themselves become a serious threat to native snails. In North-west Europe there are concerns about the spread of the New Zealand planarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus, which preys on earthworms.

 

Freaky Facts About Flatworms:

  • They range from microscopic to nearly 20 feet long
  • 85% of North American population has at least one type of parasite inside them, and the most common is the tapeworm 

 

 

Annelids

All About Annelids

Scientific Name: Annelida

What they eat: nutrients in the dirt, food in the ground, blood (leeches)

Where they live: underwater, underground, tidal zones

info by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid

 

The annelids (also called "ringed worms"), formally called Annelida (from French annelés "ringed ones", ultimately from Latin anellus "little ring"[2]), are a large phylum of segmented worms, with over 17,000 modern species including ragworms, earthworms and leeches. They are found in marine environments from tidal zones to hydrothermal vents, in freshwater, and in moist terrestrial environments. Although most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species, research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments, each of which has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly-defined or absent in some, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles to act as hearts. The septa of these species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and 

this is a picture of an annelids

pink-bristel-worm-annelida.jpg

 there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.

Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, which live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon round their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge.

 

        this picture is from blkworm_worm_b_animado.gif                                             this picture is from blkworm_wiggle_b_nimado.gif

 

Freaky Facts About Annelids:

 

  • They can be colored red, brown, pinkish-blue, and even green, green worms live the United Kingdom.
  • They range from a half a inch long, to 22 feet. 

 

http://news.discovery.com/videos/animals-weird-worms-eat-bones.html

 

Here's a gigantic sea worm video for you to watch:  <iframe title="YouTube video player" width="640" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Cc971vWUmbQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

Here's a video of zombie snails, a normal snail controlled by worms; <iframe title="YouTube video player" width="480" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/bT774hw8YxU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> 

 

Question for you to Answer:

1. How many species of Roundworms are there in the world?

2. Are there green worms living in our earth, and if they are, where do they live?

3. Can worms live underwater?

4. Are worms a vertebrate?

5. What is a nematode known as?

6. What's the scientific name for a flatworm?

7. Is a type of worm related to humans?

8. "Ringed worms" can also be called what?

9. What is the percentage in North America of how many people have a parasite in them?

A) 50%

B) 28%

C) 75%

D) 85%

 

 

Bibliography:

1.flatwormf.tripod.com/ 

2.http://www.ehow.com/about_5414781_roundworm.html

3.kaylamclain.tripod.com/

4.http://www.ehow.com/facts_5481982_annelid-earthworm.html 

5.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid

6.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm 

7.http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/roundworms-000144.h

8.http://www.rjfisher.lgusd.k12.ca.us/staff/sjoanides/documents/Invertebrates7thGrade.pdf 

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